Before Computers-upto Internet

BEFORE COMPUTERS
In Today’s life we be severely handicapped if we wouldn’t have access to computer. There were no computers in the pre-information age. God didn’t say “Let there be Computers !”,they evolved before 53 years. Here are 10 most significant events that led to the development of computers.
1.ZERO
Computers deal with binary i.e.0 & 1.The concept of One is supposed to have evolved in many civilizations. But, the zero was developed by only one-the ancient Indian civilization.
2.ABACUS
The first (calculating) device that aided mathematical operations of addition & subtraction was abacus. After that slide rules,calculators etc followed.
3.ALGORITHM
In 12th century in Tashkent, Muhammed ibn Musa Al’khowarizmi developed the concept of Algorithm. This was the fundamental to system analyses,solution design and programming.
4.BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
In 18th century Boole’s”An investigation into the laws of thought on which are founded the mathematical theories of Logic and Probabilities” was published(1854).This was the basis of modern computer design.
5.BABBAGE’S DESIGN
In 19th century Charles Babbage proposed the Difference Engine(steam) in 1822.He was reconed as “Father of the Computer”.
6.TURNING’S UNIVERSAL MACHINE
In 20th century(1937) a british mathematician proposed the idea of “Universal Machine”.
7.VACUUM TUBE
In 1906 American physicist Lee De Forest invented vacuum tube. Bulky tubes are now rarely seen/used.
8.ENIAC
In 1946 “Electronic and Numeric Integrator and Calculator” was unveiled in Philadelphia at University of Pennsylvania.
9.TRANSISTORS
In 1947 William Shockley, Walter Houser Brattain and John Bardeen of Bell labs demonstrated the the transistor challenging the tube in all it’s drawbacks. It has truly made Impact on the whole world. In 1956 they were awarded the Nobel Prize for physics.
10.INTEGRATED CIRCUITS.
In 1959 Texas Instrument and Fairchild simultaneously announced the discovery of the IC.

The Evolution of the Internet

1957:The Sputnik: October 4,1957,first artificial earth satellite was launched in response to which US department of defence created the Advanced Research Projects Agency(ARPA).
1961:Packet Switching: Leonard Kleinrock at MIT came up with Packet switching which is the core of the Net as it exists today.
1962:Galactic Networks: J C R Licklider of MIT envisaged globally connected set of computers.
1965:First Wide Area Network: Thomas Merril and Laurence G Roberts connected the TX-2 computer in MIT with Q-32 in California over a telephone line forming the first WAN.
1966-67:Plans for ARPANET: In 1966 Laurence Roberts joined ARPA and developed ARPANET.
11968:The First Step:The specifications of ARPANET were refined, packet switch called Interface Message Processor was contracted to BBN(Bolt, Beranek & Newman)and networking group was formed.
1969:ARPANET is Created: BBN installed first IMP in UCLA (Uni. Of Calif.LA) and later second node at SRI(Stanford Research Inst.) followed by UC, Santa Barbara and Uni. Of Utah.
1970:NCP :The first Network Communication Protocol: By NWG.
1972:E-MAIL:Ray Tomlinson wrote the first e-mail send and receive program.
1973:ARPANET goes Global: The Uni. College of London and Royal Radar esta. Connect to Arpanet. Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs wrote 13 pages on Ethernet. Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie presented paper on UNIX.
1974:TCP: Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn established Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) to provide services to INTERNET-the word was used first time.
1977: The First Gateway : Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed it.
1978:TCP & IP:TCP’s routing functions were into Intrenet Protocol(IP).
1979:ICCB: DARPA formed Internet Configuration Control Board(ICCB) to help process of creating gateway.
1981: XANADU: A central pay-per-document.
1983:TCP/IP becomes core protocol: NSFNET was split into military and civilian sections.
1984:1000 HOSTS: Number of hosts crossed 1000.
1988:WORM STRUCK: A malicious program written by Robert Morris Jr. attacked and brought down 6000 lines out of 60000 lines.Jarkko Oikarian wrote Internet Relay Chat(IRC).
1990:ARPANET DISCONTINUED: Over 300,000 hosts were freed as ARPANET died.
1991:WWW:NSFNET lifted ban on Commercial traffic.”Gopher” –way of finding files on net- was released.
1992:SURFING TIME: Interet Society(IOSC) coined term Net Surfing.Veronica released in U of Nevada.
1994:W3C: The World Wide Web Consortium formed by Tim Berners-Lee and Al Vezza.
1995:APACH: “A PatCHy server” to address groups of www. Sun Microsys released JAVA.